Lesson 3

Unit                      : 3

Topic                    : Understanding management Control

Source                  : Auditing the Performance of Management (pp122- 133)

Grammar Focus 1: Derivation and Part of Speech

Grammar Focus 2: The use of “as”

Derivation

Derivation berarti perubahan  jenis kata. Setiap kata dasar (stem) bisa diubah menjadi jenis kata lain, seperti: adjective, verb, noun atau adverb dengan membubuhkan afiks. Ada banyak sekali macam afiks, namun disini hanya akan dibahas sebagian.

Prefiks

Prefiks adalah suatu unsur yang dapat ditempatkan didepan suatu kata. Dalam bahasa Inggris prefiks menambahkan sesuatu ke arti kata, tetapi biasanya ia tidak mengubah jenis katanya.

anti- bi- co- de- dis ex- in- inter- mal- mis- multi- out- over- post- pre- re- sub- un- under-

Antisocial, anti-war Bimonthly, Cooperate Decrease, descent Disconnect Export Income International Malformed, maltreat Mislead Multi-purpose Outcast, outnumber Overwork, overestimate Postpone Preface Re-use, repay Subdivide Unfair underpaid

against two with down, negative do the opposite of out of , former in, not between or among badly wrongly many out, more than too much after before back, again under, below negative, opposite to too little, not enough

Sufiks

Sufiks  adalah akhiran gramatikal suatu kata. Jika anda mengenali sufiks, anda akan terbantu dalam pemahaman tata bahasa dan arti kata.

Noun (orang)

Er, -or -ee -ess

Writer, auditor Employee, payee Actress, waitress

Noun (tak berujud/abstract)

-ness -ity -al -((a)t)ion -ment -hood

Happiness Quality Approval, refusal Intention Advertisement, improvement childhood

Noun atau adjective

-ist -(i)an -ese

Typist Human chinese

Adjective

-al -ous -ic -ful -ness

Personal Famous Historic Useful useless

Verb

-ize, -ise -ify -en

Modernize Simplify soften

TASK 1

Isilah table berikut dengan jenis kata yang sesuai

NO	NOUN	ADJECTIVE	VERB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15	performance - - - management - - - interpretation - - - efficiency standard -	- responsible - administrative - governmental - - - - applicable able - - -	- - require - - - assign operate - accomplish - -- - - inform

TASK 2

Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan bentuk yang benar. Dalam beberapa kasus anda harus membuat bentu negatifnya dengan memakai dis- atau un-

1.      manage

since the ……. buy-out profits have risen sharply.

The ………..director sent a letter to every member of staff.

It makes sense to break the task up into ……….. step.

2.      negotiate

The salary is …….. so how much do you think I should ask for?

Unfortunately,……….. with the union have broken down.

3.      occupy

The block has been……….. since the fire.

Dust is an ………. hazard in this factory.

4.      operate

The oil rig should be in …………… by tomorrow morning.

We expect an ………….. profit of at least 20 million francs next year.

The scheme should be fully …………….. by this time next year.

The switchboard  ……………… was unable to find the person I wanted.

5.      produce

The new model should be in …………. in three months.

The finished ………..  must leave the factory in perfect condition.

I’m afraid our talks with the manufacturers have been ……………

Any …………….. bonus will be paid every 4 months.

6.      profit

Any line which proved ……………… was immediately discontinued.

Couldn’t some workers be more ………….. employed in other departments?

Doubts have been expressed as to the ………….. of the business.

7.      system

You need to have a ……………. approach in this type of work.

We need to carry out this survey …………………

8.      employ

In an area of high ……………… people are desperate to find jobs.

Every ………….. of the firm is entitled to a 10 % discount.

Her ……… gets very angry if she uses the phone too much.

I’m looking for temporary ………… during the summer holidays.

9.      expense

It’s ……………. to send the goods by air but they’re needed urgently.

The offered her £15,000 plus ……………..

Unfortunately, …………….. on the project was much more than expected.

His …………… claims are being looked at by the Chief Accountant.

10.  finance

Her ………….adviser is convinced the project will be a success.

If the company is ………….sound we might consider taking it over.

11.  industry

In this high-tech word, ………….espionage is on the increase.

Mr Fredericks, a prominent………….., will head the committee of inquiry.

In some of the more…………. countries pollution is a big problem.

12.  invest

these shares have given me a good return on my…………..

Small ……………..were advise to hold on to their shares.

13.  legal

It’s…………to sell such goods without a proper permit.

They questioned the …………of the company’s action. 

Grammar Focus 2 ; Pemakaian “as”

Kata “as” dalam kalimat mengandungh banyak arti, beberapa diantaranya:

1.      klausa “as” menunjukkan kesamaan tau perbandingan

contoh:

                he behaved badly, as I thought he would (seperti kata “like)

2.      Klausa “as” berkenaan dengan waktu (menggabungkan dua peristiwa yang berlangsung bersamaan.

Contoh:

                As the police arrived,  the crowd began to shout angrily.

3.      Klausa “as” berkenaan dengan alas an atau lantaran (seperti because/since0

Contoh:

    `           as the weather was fine, we held the party outside.

4.      beberapa klausa “as” berkenaan dengan perimbangan.

Contoh:

                As the price rise, (so) the demand for higher wages will increase.

5.      Beberapa klausa “as” berkenaan dengan tanggapan.

Contoh:

                As everyone knows, taxes are unpopular.