Unit : 3
Topic : Understanding management Control
Source : Auditing the Performance of Management (pp122- 133)
Grammar Focus 1: Derivation and Part of Speech
Grammar Focus 2: The use of “as”
Derivation
Derivation berarti perubahan jenis kata. Setiap kata dasar (stem) bisa diubah menjadi jenis kata lain, seperti: adjective, verb, noun atau adverb dengan membubuhkan afiks. Ada banyak sekali macam afiks, namun disini hanya akan dibahas sebagian.
Prefiks
Prefiks adalah suatu unsur yang dapat ditempatkan didepan suatu kata. Dalam bahasa Inggris prefiks menambahkan sesuatu ke arti kata, tetapi biasanya ia tidak mengubah jenis katanya.
| anti- bi- co- de- dis ex- in- inter- mal- mis- multi- out- over- post- pre- re- sub- un- under- | Antisocial, anti-war Bimonthly, Cooperate Decrease, descent Disconnect Export Income International Malformed, maltreat Mislead Multi-purpose Outcast, outnumber Overwork, overestimate Postpone Preface Re-use, repay Subdivide Unfair underpaid | against two with down, negative do the opposite of out of , former in, not between or among badly wrongly many out, more than too much after before back, again under, below negative, opposite to too little, not enough |
Sufiks
Sufiks adalah akhiran gramatikal suatu kata. Jika anda mengenali sufiks, anda akan terbantu dalam pemahaman tata bahasa dan arti kata.
Noun (orang)
| Er, -or -ee -ess | Writer, auditor Employee, payee Actress, waitress |
Noun (tak berujud/abstract)
| -ness -ity -al -((a)t)ion -ment -hood | Happiness Quality Approval, refusal Intention Advertisement, improvement childhood |
Noun atau adjective
| -ist -(i)an -ese | Typist Human chinese |
Adjective
| -al -ous -ic -ful -ness | Personal Famous Historic Useful useless |
Verb
| -ize, -ise -ify -en | Modernize Simplify soften |
TASK 1
Isilah table berikut dengan jenis kata yang sesuai
| NO | NOUN | ADJECTIVE | VERB |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | performance- - - management - - - interpretation - - - efficiency standard - | -responsible - administrative - governmental - - - - applicable able - - - | -- require - - - assign operate - accomplish - -- - - inform |
TASK 2
Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan bentuk yang benar. Dalam beberapa kasus anda harus membuat bentu negatifnya dengan memakai dis- atau un-
1. manage
since the ……. buy-out profits have risen sharply.
The ………..director sent a letter to every member of staff.
It makes sense to break the task up into ……….. step.
2. negotiate
The salary is …….. so how much do you think I should ask for?
Unfortunately,……….. with the union have broken down.
3. occupy
The block has been……….. since the fire.
Dust is an ………. hazard in this factory.
4. operate
The oil rig should be in …………… by tomorrow morning.
We expect an ………….. profit of at least 20 million francs next year.
The scheme should be fully …………….. by this time next year.
The switchboard ……………… was unable to find the person I wanted.
5. produce
The new model should be in …………. in three months.
The finished ……….. must leave the factory in perfect condition.
I’m afraid our talks with the manufacturers have been ……………
Any …………….. bonus will be paid every 4 months.
6. profit
Any line which proved ……………… was immediately discontinued.
Couldn’t some workers be more ………….. employed in other departments?
Doubts have been expressed as to the ………….. of the business.
7. system
You need to have a ……………. approach in this type of work.
We need to carry out this survey …………………
8. employ
In an area of high ……………… people are desperate to find jobs.
Every ………….. of the firm is entitled to a 10 % discount.
Her ……… gets very angry if she uses the phone too much.
I’m looking for temporary ………… during the summer holidays.
9. expense
It’s ……………. to send the goods by air but they’re needed urgently.
The offered her £15,000 plus ……………..
Unfortunately, …………….. on the project was much more than expected.
His …………… claims are being looked at by the Chief Accountant.
10. finance
Her ………….adviser is convinced the project will be a success.
If the company is ………….sound we might consider taking it over.
11. industry
In this high-tech word, ………….espionage is on the increase.
Mr Fredericks, a prominent………….., will head the committee of inquiry.
In some of the more…………. countries pollution is a big problem.
12. invest
these shares have given me a good return on my…………..
Small ……………..were advise to hold on to their shares.
13. legal
It’s…………to sell such goods without a proper permit.
They questioned the …………of the company’s action.
Grammar Focus 2 ; Pemakaian “as”
Kata “as” dalam kalimat mengandungh banyak arti, beberapa diantaranya:
1. klausa “as” menunjukkan kesamaan tau perbandingan
contoh:
he behaved badly, as I thought he would (seperti kata “like)
2. Klausa “as” berkenaan dengan waktu (menggabungkan dua peristiwa yang berlangsung bersamaan.
Contoh:
As the police arrived, the crowd began to shout angrily.
3. Klausa “as” berkenaan dengan alas an atau lantaran (seperti because/since0
Contoh:
` as the weather was fine, we held the party outside.
4. beberapa klausa “as” berkenaan dengan perimbangan.
Contoh:
As the price rise, (so) the demand for higher wages will increase.
5. Beberapa klausa “as” berkenaan dengan tanggapan.
Contoh:
As everyone knows, taxes are unpopular.
